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Look now at Stubb; a man who from his humorous, deliberate coolness and equanimity in the direst emergencies, was specially qualified to excel in pitchpoling. Look at him; he stands upright in the tossed bow of the flying boat; wrapt in fleecy foam, the towing whale is forty feet ahead. Handling the long lance lightly, glancing twice or thrice along its length to see if it be exactly straight, Stubb whistlingly gathers up the coil of the warp in one hand, so as to secure its free end in his grasp, leaving the rest unobstructed. Then holding the lance full before his waistband's middle, he levels it at the whale; when, covering him with it, he steadily depresses the butt-end in his hand, thereby elevating the point till the weapon stands fairly balanced upon his palm, fifteen feet in the air. He minds you somewhat of a juggler, balancing a long staff on his chin. Next moment with a rapid, nameless impulse, in a superb lofty arch the bright steel spans the foaming distance, and quivers in the life spot of the whale. Instead of sparkling water, he now spouts red blood.

"That drove the spigot out of him!" cried Stubb. "'Tis July's immortal Fourth; all fountains must run wine today! Would now, it were old Orleans whiskey, or old Ohio, or unspeakable old Monongahela! Then, Tashtego, lad, I'd have ye hold a canakin to the jet, and we'd drink round it! Yea, verily, hearts alive, we'd brew choice punch in the spread of his spout-hole there, and from that live punch-bowl quaff the living stuff."

Again and again to such gamesome talk, the dexterous dart is repeated, the spear returning to its master like a greyhound held in skilful leash. The agonized whale goes into his flurry; the tow-line is slackened, and the pitchpoler dropping astern, folds his hands, and mutely watches the monster die.

That for six thousand years—and no one knows how many millions of ages before—the great whales should have been spouting all over the sea, and sprinkling and mistifying the gardens of the deep, as with so many sprinkling or mistifying pots; and that for some centuries back, thousands of hunters should have been close by the fountain of the whale, watching these sprinklings and spoutings—that all this should be, and yet, that down to this blessed minute (fifteen and a quarter minutes past one o'clock P.M. of this sixteenth day of December, A.D. 1851), it should still remain a problem, whether these spoutings are, after all, really water, or nothing but vapour—this is surely a noteworthy thing.

Let us, then, look at this matter, along with some interesting items contingent. Every one knows that by the peculiar cunning of their gills, the finny tribes in general breathe the air which at all times is combined with the element in which they swim; hence, a herring or a cod might live a century, and never once raise its head above the surface. But owing to his marked internal structure which gives him regular lungs, like a human being's, the whale can only live by inhaling the disengaged air in the open atmosphere. Wherefore the necessity for his periodical visits to the upper world. But he cannot in any degree breathe through his mouth, for, in his ordinary attitude, the Sperm Whale's mouth is buried at least eight feet beneath the surface; and what is still more, his windpipe has no connexion with his mouth. No, he breathes through his spiracle alone; and this is on the top of his head.

If I say, that in any creature breathing is only a function indispensable to vitality, inasmuch as it withdraws from the air a certain element, which being subsequently brought into contact with the blood imparts to the blood its vivifying principle, I do not think I shall err; though I may possibly use some superfluous scientific words. Assume it, and it follows that if all the blood in a man could be aerated with one breath, he might then seal up his nostrils and not fetch another for a considerable time. That is to say, he would then live without breathing. Anomalous as it may seem, this is precisely the case with the whale, who systematically lives, by intervals, his full hour and more (when at the bottom) without drawing a single breath, or so much as in any way inhaling a particle of air; for, remember, he has no gills. How is this? Between his ribs and on each side of his spine he is supplied with a remarkable involved Cretan labyrinth of vermicelli-like vessels, which vessels, when he quits the surface, are completely distended with oxygenated blood. So that for an hour or more, a thousand fathoms in the sea, he carries a surplus stock of vitality in him, just as the camel crossing the waterless desert carries a surplus supply of drink for future use in its four supplementary stomachs. The anatomical fact of this labyrinth is indisputable; and that the supposition founded upon it is reasonable and true, seems the more cogent to me, when I consider the otherwise inexplicable obstinacy of that leviathan in HAVING HIS SPOUTINGS OUT, as the fishermen phrase it. This is what I mean. If unmolested, upon rising to the surface, the Sperm Whale will continue there for a period of time exactly uniform with all his other unmolested risings. Say he stays eleven minutes, and jets seventy times, that is, respires seventy breaths; then whenever he rises again, he will be sure to have his seventy breaths over again, to a minute. Now, if after he fetches a few breaths you alarm him, so that he sounds, he will be always dodging up again to make good his regular allowance of air. And not till those seventy breaths are told, will he finally go down to stay out his full term below. Remark, however, that in different individuals these rates are different; but in any one they are alike. Now, why should the whale thus insist upon having his spoutings out, unless it be to replenish his reservoir of air, ere descending for good? How obvious is it, too, that this necessity for the whale's rising exposes him to all the fatal hazards of the chase. For not by hook or by net could this vast leviathan be caught, when sailing a thousand fathoms beneath the sunlight. Not so much thy skill, then, O hunter, as the great necessities that strike the victory to thee!

Advantages and Disadvantages of PPTP, L2TP, SSTP, and OpenVPN: Advantages and Disadvantages of PPTP, L2TP, SSTP, and OpenVPN

PPTP vs L2TP vs SSTP vs SSL/OpenVPN


If you've done some reading about VPN, you probably already know that it stands for Virtual Private Network and it's a popular way for businesses to provide a secure way for employees to remote into their servers. But did you know that there are different protocols available for VPN? These protocols are commonly referred to as PPTP, L2TP, SSTP and SSL/OpenVPN. Each operates by its own set of rules and each have their own unique advantages and disadvantages.

PPTP

Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is one of the most commonly used forms of VPN because it is easy to set up and maintain. It encrypts data using a 128-bit key. Because of this, it is considered one of the weaker forms of VPN and is mostly used for personal tunneling purposes like sharing pictures. More recent versions of PPTP also use EAP authentication, an authentication protocol designed for use for wireless and point-to-point connections. EAP is designed to recognize most authentication methods. Positives include the fact that it uses TCP, which allows for retransmission of lost data.

PPTP was developed by Microsoft along with a few other companies and is natively supported by Windows. Firewalls like ISA Server, Cisco PIX and Sonic Wall recognize it. The biggest disadvantages include the fact that it is one of the least encrypted forms of VPN, data encryption starts after the computers have gone through the authentication process and made the point-to-point connection, and requires only user-level authentication.

L2TP

Layer 2 tunneling protocol (L2TP) derives its name from the fact that it makes use of Layer 2 of the OSI networking model and was the result of a joint effort between Cisco and Microsoft to provide a more secure tunneling protocol. It works with the IPSec model to provide 168-bit encryption and requires two levels of authentication, making it a little more powerful on the encryption side than PPTP. L2TP prevents data from being altered while traveling between the sender and receiver and also requires either a shared key or a digital certificate before transmitting data. One of its biggest advantages is that it also encrypts the authentication process, making it more difficult for someone trying to "listen in" on your transmission to intercept and crack the data.

If you notice that your L2TP connections are down, one common cause might be your security certificate infrastructure. They do make use of pre-shared keys, so if something changes in the key at one end of the connection, the key at the other end will not work. So be sure to keep track of your security certificates to make sure your keys are the same at both ends of the connection.

SSTP

Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) works in situations where most VPN connections would be blocked. This includes countries like Belize, which forbids the use of VPN technology, and certain companies that do not use or block VPN connections. It uses Port 443, the same port used by Secure Socket Layer (SSL) transmissions. This combines with a special method to form the packets to allow SSTP transmissions to pass through most proxies and firewalls. It is considered the most secure of VPN tunneling protocols because it uses SSL, authentication certificates and 2048-bit encryptions.

The major downside to SSTP is that it was created exclusively by Microsoft and only works on Windows Vista SP 1 and Windows 7. Because it is proprietary, there are no known plans to make it available to users of Mac OS, Linux and older versions of Windows. Because SSTP is such a secure protocol, it is possible to become complacent when remoting into your server from a public location. It is possible for your username and password to be intercepted at places like the airport, library or university, or even at your home if you make use of an unsecured or lightly secured wireless router. Your best bet is to use VPN connections along with a common-sense approach to security.

OpenVPN

Whenever Microsoft releases any kind of proprietary, fully copyrighted software, you can almost count on lovers of Open Source software creating a free version that works about as well, and sometimes better than, the Microsoft version without the price tag. OpenVPN also makes use of SSL technology and works on Mac OS, Windows, Linux and some IP phones. It operates on both Layer 2 and Layer 3 and has extra features that can transport Ethernet frames, IPX packets and NETBIOS functionality. It can also be set up to share Port 443 with HTTPS transmissions. It can handle multiple channels over a single TCP or UDP port and can be managed through a Telnet setup. Some network administrators have been known to use OpenVPN to connect two network routers over an untrusted wireless network.

OpenVPN's biggest weakness is the amount of latency, or the amount of delay involved in the operation of a system. This weakness can be gotten around by using more powerful and newer computers for the VPN connection, keeping your security software updated, and making use of SSL certificates and trusted certificate authorities. It also has to connect to a single TCP port on the client end.

Which VPN protocol is best?


After reading this lens, which VPN protocol do you consider to use in the future?
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Techie.org » Blog » How to setup PPTP VPN on Mac OS X Leopard

How to setup PPTP VPN on Mac OS X Leopard

Welcome back to another how to. This one deals with setting up a VPN connection to your office on the latest Apple operating system, Leopard (10.5)
To Start
1) Click the apple logo, and select System Preferences

2) Click on the Network icon under Internet & Network

3) If you see a locked padlock in the bottom left, click on it. Otherwise skip to step 5.

4) Enter your password in the dialog box
5) Click on the little + icon just above the padlock

6) Select “VPN” From the interface drop down.

7) Select “PPTP” From the VPN Type drop down

8) Enter the name of the company you are connecting to, and click “Create”

9) Enter the Server Address that your system administrator has provided to you, and your username. Also check the box that says “Show VPN status in menu bar”

10) Click on the “Authentication Settings” button, and enter your password

11) Almost done. Click the “Apply” button to save the changes.

12) In the top right of your screen, click the token icon that looks like this. From that, a menu will drop down. Click on the “Connect” link for your company name. This will initiate the VPN connection.

13) If all is well, after a few seconds you will be connected, and a timer will start showing you how long you’ve been connected

DONE
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VPN FAQ | DSLReports.com, ISP Information

100. Introduction

200. How it works

300. Limitations

500. Miscellaneous Info

900. Links to other VPN information

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Configure Free PPTP VPN in Windows 8

  • Click on “Open Network and Sharing Center" from the network icon from the taskbar or click on “Network and Sharing center” from Control Panel;
  • Click on “Set up a new connection or network”;
  • Select “Connect to a workplace and click “Next”;
  • Choose “Use my Internet Connection (VPN)”;
  • In the “Internet Address” field use xx.afreevpn.com ( replace xx with country id ) as hostname. In the “Destination name” field type “AFREEVPN.COM (PPTP)”;
  • Click “Create”; Click on the monitor icon on the bottom right-hand corner;

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