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Nelson Mandela, 1918-2013: A Journalist's Appreciation
Nelson Mandela, 1918-2013: A Journalist's Appreciation
National Geographic Editor in Chief Chris Johns remembers the African leader.
A portrait of Nelson Mandela. Photograph by Chris Johns, National Geographic
I met Nelson Mandela early in 2001 while working with writer Peter Godwin on a story about Peace Parks, wildlife reserves without borders. Arrangements for the meeting had taken a full year.
The interminable correspondence with the officials who surrounded Mandela flew back and forth. We'd only get ten minutes, they said. The former President of South Africa was a very busy man.
Finally, Peter and I stood on the threshold of his house in Houghton, a leafy suburb of Johannesburg. His house was tasteful, but not ostentatious. We were ushered in and offered tea. Mandela was a tall man who radiated warmth. He spoke quietly. The force of his words did not depend on volume. He was intensely focused. You knew he was listening with the full force of his concentration.
Mandela, who grew up on the banks of the Mbashe River in eastern Cape Province and who died Thursday at age 95, was a man of extraordinary discipline and strength. Twenty-seven years in prison could destroy a man. It made Mandela stronger.
He told us a story about being in a prison with a forest behind it. He knew when he was imprisoned how much he'd miss his family and his friends. He had not known how much he would miss nature. He kept asking to go for a walk in the forest to see a leaf, a bit of grass, anything green. But the warden refused, thinking he meant to escape.
One day he saw a poisonous snake in the prison yard. The warden wanted to kill it, but Mandela argued with him. The warden lifted his baton to strike it; Mandela struggled with him, trying to save the snake. The guard was stronger than he was. Mandela fell, the snake struck at him, but he quickly moved out of the way. "All I wanted was to give the snake its freedom," Mandela told us.
The ten-minute visit stretched into four hours. There was no sense of that malady pervasive in the political world that "my time is more important than yours." He knew all about the story we were doing. The idea of Peace Parks—reserves that transcend political borders, enabling animals and people to move freely across a single ecological unit—resonated with him.
Mandela, after all, was about inclusiveness and connection, not division. He had helped erase the lines drawn in the geography of the South African land and soul—that terrible canker called Apartheid. "I dream of an Africa that is at peace with itself," he wrote in a preface to the book Peter and I did later. We all have such dreams for the world, our country, and ourselves.
About three years ago, I read that Mandela had invited one of his prison guards to dinner. He'd developed a friendship with the man. That connection allowed him to maintain his "belief in the essential humanity of even those who had kept me behind bars," he wrote in his memoirs.
He understood the power of forgiveness, because he was a man of generosity and grace. Of all the places I have been, no place has affected me as deeply as South Africa. Nelson Mandela—and those lessons of unshakable principle, compassion, and grace—is the reason why.
Editor's note: Chris Johns is Editor in Chief of National Geographic.
National Geographic Editor in Chief Chris Johns remembers the African leader.
A portrait of Nelson Mandela. Photograph by Chris Johns, National Geographic
I met Nelson Mandela early in 2001 while working with writer Peter Godwin on a story about Peace Parks, wildlife reserves without borders. Arrangements for the meeting had taken a full year.
The interminable correspondence with the officials who surrounded Mandela flew back and forth. We'd only get ten minutes, they said. The former President of South Africa was a very busy man.
Finally, Peter and I stood on the threshold of his house in Houghton, a leafy suburb of Johannesburg. His house was tasteful, but not ostentatious. We were ushered in and offered tea. Mandela was a tall man who radiated warmth. He spoke quietly. The force of his words did not depend on volume. He was intensely focused. You knew he was listening with the full force of his concentration.
Mandela, who grew up on the banks of the Mbashe River in eastern Cape Province and who died Thursday at age 95, was a man of extraordinary discipline and strength. Twenty-seven years in prison could destroy a man. It made Mandela stronger.
He told us a story about being in a prison with a forest behind it. He knew when he was imprisoned how much he'd miss his family and his friends. He had not known how much he would miss nature. He kept asking to go for a walk in the forest to see a leaf, a bit of grass, anything green. But the warden refused, thinking he meant to escape.
One day he saw a poisonous snake in the prison yard. The warden wanted to kill it, but Mandela argued with him. The warden lifted his baton to strike it; Mandela struggled with him, trying to save the snake. The guard was stronger than he was. Mandela fell, the snake struck at him, but he quickly moved out of the way. "All I wanted was to give the snake its freedom," Mandela told us.
The ten-minute visit stretched into four hours. There was no sense of that malady pervasive in the political world that "my time is more important than yours." He knew all about the story we were doing. The idea of Peace Parks—reserves that transcend political borders, enabling animals and people to move freely across a single ecological unit—resonated with him.
Mandela, after all, was about inclusiveness and connection, not division. He had helped erase the lines drawn in the geography of the South African land and soul—that terrible canker called Apartheid. "I dream of an Africa that is at peace with itself," he wrote in a preface to the book Peter and I did later. We all have such dreams for the world, our country, and ourselves.
About three years ago, I read that Mandela had invited one of his prison guards to dinner. He'd developed a friendship with the man. That connection allowed him to maintain his "belief in the essential humanity of even those who had kept me behind bars," he wrote in his memoirs.
He understood the power of forgiveness, because he was a man of generosity and grace. Of all the places I have been, no place has affected me as deeply as South Africa. Nelson Mandela—and those lessons of unshakable principle, compassion, and grace—is the reason why.
Editor's note: Chris Johns is Editor in Chief of National Geographic.
Nelson Mandela’s Life and Times in Photographs
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| Frederik de Klerk and Nelson Mandela shake hands at the Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum held in Davos in January 1992 Copyright World Economic Forum (www.weforum.org) (Photo credit: Wikipedia) |
Nelson Mandela’s Life and Times in Photographs
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A Free Man
Photograph by Kim Ludbrook, European Pressphoto AgencyNelson Mandela, the civil rights leader who rose from a small village in rural, apartheid-era South Africa to become the country's first black President, died on Thursday at age 95. Mandela's election in 1994 ended three centuries of European domination of indigenous African people of the region.
Mandela, pictured here in 2006, had been released from prison in 1990 after serving 27 years for his attempts to overthrow the white minority government in the 1960s. He won the Nobel Peace Prize and other honors for his leadership of the peaceful transition to democracy in South Africa.
When Mandela arrived at the Cape Town City Hall after his release, a crowd of 50,000 supporters had assembled to hear his first words in public in over a quarter century. "Our struggle has reached a decisive moment," he said, in an event broadcast around the world. "Our march to freedom is irreversible."
The lawyer and anti-apartheid activist had been convicted of treason and sabotage in June 1964 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He spent most of his sentence on Robben Island, off Cape Town, doing hard labor. During the 1980s he refused many offers for early release from the government because of the conditions attached.
But on February 2, 1990, South African President F. W. de Klerk reversed the ban on the African National Congress (ANC) and other anti-apartheid organizations, announcing that Mandela would be released. It was the beginning of the opening up of apartheid-era South Africa, in which blacks faced severe discrimination.
In the first national elections in which blacks had the right to vote, the ANC won and Mandela became President. He remained in that office until 1999.
Published June 24, 2013 -
Initiation Rite
Photograph by Bruno Hadjih, Anzenberger/ReduxNelson Mandela was born into a royal family of the Xhosa nation, one of the largest ethnic groups in South Africa. Xhosa young men, such as those in this photograph, undergo a rite of initiation that involves isolation from their families during which they receive instruction by elder men, followed by circumcision, which continues to be practiced in many parts of central and southern Africa. Initiates are thereafter considered to be adult men. Mandela recalled his initiation in his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom.
Published June 24, 2013 -
South Africa in Flames
Photograph by Greg Marinovich, APIn this September 15, 1990, photo, the burning body of a man identified as a Zulu Inkatha Freedom Party supporter is clubbed by followers of the rival African National Congress during factional violence in Soweto, South Africa.
In the run-up to the 1994 elections that brought Nelson Mandela to power, many South Africans were fearful about the rising violence, particularly between rival ANC and Inkatha Freedom Party factions. Aggression and bombings by white supremacists hoping to spark a race war to stave off black majority rule were also a concern.
Mandela campaigned indefatigably, appealing to people to throw their weapons into the sea, and demanding that the last white President, F. W. de Klerk, get tough on recalcitrant officers in the police and security forces.
Against all odds, the party of Nelson Mandela transformed a nation where just 20 years before black South Africans could not vote, and where public amenities like buses, trains, beaches, and restaurants were segregated racially. Following the electoral victory of the ANC, Mandela worked hard to defuse racial tensions by including Inkatha leaders in his Cabinet and reaching out to white right-wing leaders. Political violence simmered down.
Published June 24, 2013 -
Winnie Mandela
Photograph by Greg English, APWinnie Mandela, wife of Nelson Mandela, raises a clenched fist after appearing at a Johannesburg magistrate's court in December 1986. Mrs. Mandela had been held by police in Soweto the previous day for defying an order banning her presence there.
She became a political leader in her own right during her husband's long stint in prison. But her leadership style and some of her associates made her a controversial figure, especially after a youth staying in her house was beaten to death in mysterious circumstances.
Published June 24, 2013 -
Mandela's Prison Cell
Photograph by Matt Shonfeld, ReduxNelson Mandela's former prison cell (cell 5 in B-section in the political prisoners area) on Robben Island, off Cape Town. Conditions were spartan in the tiny cell; the bed was a mat on the floor. For years after he was released, even when he was President of South Africa, Mandela continued to make his own bed each morning, as he did in prison.
The Robben Island prison was where the South African government incarcerated its most high-profile political prisoners. Mail to and from the facility was screened and censored, and only occasional visitors were allowed. Mandela and others used communal lavatories and showers. They spent much of their day at hard labor, including breaking rocks in a lime quarry on the island, where the glare and dust caused damage to Mandela's eyes.
Robben Island's political prisoners organized themselves, negotiating for better conditions with the authorities and establishing their own rules of behavior among themselves. They also shared their education with one another. While in prison, Mandela secretly wrote much of his autobiography, which was smuggled out by released prisoners.
Published June 24, 2013 -
Mandela Released
Photograph from APWith much of the world watching on television, Nelson Mandela and wife Winnie walk hand in hand and raise clenched fists upon his release from Victor prison, Cape Town, on Sunday, February 11, 1990.
Published June 24, 2013 -
Mandela Abroad
Photograph by Rob Croese, APNelson Mandela addressed a crowd of about 15,000 from the balcony of Amsterdam's city theater on June 16, 1990. On the left, seen from the back, is his wife Winnie. Then the deputy president of the African National Congress, Mandela was on a 13-nation, six-week Freedom Tour to thank international supporters of the anti-apartheid movement and appeal to the global community to maintain their sanctions against South Africa.
Published June 24, 2013 -
Mandela Visits His Prison Cell
Photograph by Louise Gubb, SABA/CORBISOn the fourth anniversary of his release, Nelson Mandela looks out the window of his former cell in Robben Island Prison. He was held as a political prisoner by the apartheid-based government from 1964 to 1990. The cell has been preserved and has become a popular destination for tourists.
Published June 24, 2013 -
South Africa’s First Multiracial National Election
Photograph by Tom Stoddart, Getty ImagesLines of people wait in the dawn light to vote in the election that resulted in Nelson Mandela's election as President of South Africa. The three-day voting period, April 26-29, 1994, marked the first time that adult South Africans of all races could vote for representatives to the national Parliament and provincial legislatures. The African National Congress won by a landslide, and April 27, Freedom Day, is now a public holiday.
Published June 24, 2013 -
Celebrating Mandela’s Election
Photograph by David Turnley, CorbisSouth Africans partied through the night when the official results of the April 1994 election were released, after Mandela and other party leaders had spent hours behind closed doors reviewing allegations of fraud and other issues. But there was no doubting the result: More than 60 percent of the votes had been cast for the African National Congress, and Nelson Mandela was the President-elect of a new democratic South Africa.
Published June 24, 2013 -
Mandela in Retirement
Photograph by Peter Dejong, APIn this 2007 photo, former South African President Nelson Mandela reacts as German Chancellor Angela Merkel, left, waves farewell after a meeting at the Nelson Mandela Foundation building in Johannesburg.
Mandela continued to receive heads of state for years after he stepped down as South Africa's first post-apartheid president. In recent years he spent most of his time in seclusion with his family, occasionally appearing in public for a major national event. Mandela started ailing as he entered his nineties and was repeatedly admitted to hospital to treat a recurring lung infection.
Published June 24, 2013
Mysterious Deaths Threaten a Population of Southern Right Whales
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| A southern right whale breaching off of Peninsula Valdes, Argentina. |
The "mass mortality" of hundreds of southern right whale calves mystify scientists.
Surprisingly large numbers of southern right whale calves are dying off the coast of Argentina, sparking concerns among marine scientists and conservation officials.
Overall, southern right whales are doing much better than their endangered brethren to the north. But for one group of southern right whales that gives birth off Peninsula Valdés, Argentina (map), fate has not been so kind.
Hundreds of the Peninsula Valdés whales have died since monitoring of their population size began in 1971, researchers report in a study published this month in the journal Marine Ecology Progress Series. From 1971 to 2011, 630 of the right whales died—adults and young ones combined.
But 77 percent of those deaths occurred between 2003 and 2011. And of those recent deaths, 89 percent have occurred in the calves. Scientists are still struggling to understand why.
Changes in monitoring efforts over the years could probably account for some of the increase in recorded deaths, researchers acknowledge in the study. But they can't account for all of it.
Something else is going on that has so far defied the efforts of scientists to get to the bottom of the situation.
It's a real frustration, said Vicky Rowntree, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City and director of the right whale program at Ocean Alliance/Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
No Common Cause
A meeting of marine biologists and veterinarians convened by the International Whaling Commission in 2010 to study the problem settled on three possible explanations: low food abundance, disease, or toxins such as domoic acid or saxitoxin produced by harmful algal blooms.
"A lot of our research has been trying to look at those [explanations]," said lead study author Rowntree. But so far, researchers and veterinarians have been unable to find a common cause of death in the hundreds of samples taken from the dead calves.
A small number of calves show evidence of disease while others contain low levels of toxins. Figuring out whether the calves got enough food is harder to determine, Rowntree explained. (See "New Diseases, Toxins Harming Marine Life.")
Blubber thickness is one way researchers look at whether these calves are getting enough food or not. They also look to other markers of nutritional stress in body tissues or the whales' baleen—located in a whale's mouth which they use to strain food out of seawater.
The timing of the deaths has both confused and helped efforts to understand what's going on. Baby whales in certain years seem to have died shortly after birth, while in other years, they've died later in the May-December calving season. This suggests that more than one cause may be responsible for these "high mortality" events, the study authors write.
"But the timing of the mortality might give us some clue as to why they died," said Rowntree. If a calf died shortly after birth, that could indicate a wide-scale food shortage problem.
If a calf died later in the year, when the whales start to feed on krill and copepods, then perhaps the young ones are ingesting a toxin or pollutant, she explained. (See "Sea Lion Seizures May Result From Toxic Algae.")
Analyses of Northern Atlantic right whale populations indicate they ingest algal toxins produced during harmful algal blooms. Krill and copepods are grazers and take in toxins along with the algae they eat. Those toxins, in turn, are transferred to the whales when they gulp down their prey.
"The adults can deal with it," Rowntree said. "But maybe the toxins are too strong for the babies."
Blame It On Birds?
Another possible explanation—supported by Rowntree and discussed at an April 2013 international meeting of veterinarians in Sausalito, California—is harassment by kelp gulls (Larus domincanus).
"They're large gulls and they've learned to feed on the skin they peck from the backs of the whales," she explained. "They make a hole in the skin and they attack it over and over during the season."
Some enterprising birds started the strategy in the early 1980s, and it has since spread to other gulls all over the peninsula.
Although it seems that the mothers have learned how to avoid such pointed attention from the birds, the calves haven't. "So most calves have a chain of lesions along their backs from being pecked by the gulls," Rowntree explained.
It's quite possible that this harassment could contribute to calf deaths around Peninsula Valdés, the animal ecologist said. That's the only big problem these right whales seem to have in common that sets them apart from other southern right whale populations which aren't experiencing such large numbers of deaths.
Watching What They Eat
For now, Rowntree and her colleagues are looking at tracking where these whales feed. There is some evidence suggesting that low prey abundance, specifically Antarctic krill (Euphasia superba), could lead to increases in whale deaths.
Female southern right whales depend on krill to bulk up their blubber reserves before they give birth. During their calves' first few months of life, the mothers don't eat.
If the mothers aren't storing enough blubber, they may not be able to provide adequate nutrition for their babies.
Whale diets leave specific signatures in their baleen, depending on where in the world the animal fed, Rowntree explained. "If the mothers eat in the Southern Hemisphere, that food [has] a unique signature."
If they can link increases in Peninsula Valdés right whale deaths with low krill abundance, then perhaps they can narrow in on what's causing so many calves to die.
Wait and See
It's still a little too early to tell how all these deaths will affect the population's overall numbers. But it doesn't look good.
Last year, researchers recorded 116 southern right whale strandings in the Peninsula Valdés population. That accounts for nearly three percent of the western South Atlantic stock, the study authors write.
"No other known single-year die-off of baleen whales is as large," the researchers note.
Female southern right whales are sexually mature when they turn nine, Rowntree said. Since the die-off began in 2005, females born that year will be able to start having babies in 2014.
Southern right whale pregnancies last a year. Then it takes a year for the mother to nurse her calf and then another year for her to build up her blubber reserves for the next pregnancy.
So it will be another three years before researchers have a clear picture of how badly the Peninsula Valdés population has been affected.Mysterious Deaths Threaten a Population of Southern Right Whales
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| Bahasa Indonesia: Uleg-uleg adalah salah satu alat yang ada di dapur yang dimanfaatkan untuk menghaluskan bumbu masak atau yang lain diatas cobek (Photo credit: Wikipedia) |
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Cari tahu informasi lebih lanjut untuk meningkatkan pemasaran bisnis Anda dengan bertanya kepada konsultan bisnis terpercaya yang anda percayai.
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